Normative Data for Ten Neuropsychological Tests for the Guatemalan Pediatric Population Updated to Account for Vulnerability

• Main Authors: Joaquín A. Ibáñez-Alfonso, Rosalba Company-Córdoba, Claudia García de la Cadena, Ian C. Simpson, Diego Rivera, Antonio Sianes
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-06-01
• Series: Brain Sciences
• Subjects: cognitive assessment; neuropsychology; vulnerability; development; cross-cultural standardization; 2030 Agenda
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/7/842

The Guatemalan pediatric population is affected by a high incidence of poverty and violence. The previous literature showed that these experiences may ultimately impact cognitive performance. The aim of this article is to update the standardized scores for ten neuropsychological tests commonly used in Guatemala considering vulnerability. A total of 347 healthy children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age (<i>M</i> = 10.83, <i>SD</i> = 3) were assessed, controlling for intelligence, mental health and neuropsychological history. The standard scores were created using multiple linear regression and standard deviations from residual values. The predictors included were the following: age, age squared (age²), mean parental education (MPE), mean parental education squared (MPE²), gender, and vulnerability, as well as their interaction. The vulnerability status was significant in the scores for language, attention and executive functions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that includes the condition of vulnerability in the calculation of neuropsychological standard scores. The utility of this update is to help in the early detection of special needs in this disadvantaged population, promoting more accurate interventions in order to alleviate the negative effects that living in vulnerable conditions has on children and adolescents.