A Novel Carbon Nanofibers Grown on Glass Microballoons Immunosensor: A Tool for Early Diagnosis of Malaria

This paper presents a novel method for direct detection of Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2 (PfHRP-2) antigen using carbon nanofiber (CNF) forests grown on glass microballoons (NMBs). Secondary antibodies specific to PfHRP-2 densely attached to the CNFs exhibit extraordinary ability fo...

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Main Authors: Emmanuel Gikunoo, Adeyabeba Abera, Eyassu Woldesenbet
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2014-08-01
Series:Sensors
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/8/14686
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spelling doaj-3dc3bf973f794fe2b2bdaa6b27d6757e2020-11-24T20:46:35ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202014-08-01148146861469910.3390/s140814686s140814686A Novel Carbon Nanofibers Grown on Glass Microballoons Immunosensor: A Tool for Early Diagnosis of MalariaEmmanuel Gikunoo0Adeyabeba Abera1Eyassu Woldesenbet2Mechanical Engineering Department, National Science Foundation Center for Next Generation Composites, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USAMechanical Engineering Department, National Science Foundation Center for Next Generation Composites, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USAMechanical Engineering Department, National Science Foundation Center for Next Generation Composites, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USAThis paper presents a novel method for direct detection of Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2 (PfHRP-2) antigen using carbon nanofiber (CNF) forests grown on glass microballoons (NMBs). Secondary antibodies specific to PfHRP-2 densely attached to the CNFs exhibit extraordinary ability for the detection of minute concentrations of Plasmodium species. A sandwich immunoassay protocol was employed, where a glass substrate was used to immobilize primary antibodies at designated capture zones. High signal amplification was obtained in both colorimetric and electrical measurements due to the CNFs through specific binding. As a result, it was possible to detect PfHRP-2 levels as low as 0.025 ng/mL concentration in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) using a visual signal within only 1 min of test duration. Lower limits of 0.01 ng/mL was obtained by measuring the electrical resistivity of the capture zone. This method is also highly selective and specific in identifying PfHRP-2 and other Plasmodium species from the same solution. In addition, the stability of the labeling mechanism eliminates the false signals generated by the use of dyes in current malaria rapid diagnostic test kits (MRDTs). Thus, the rapid, sensitive and high signal amplification capabilities of NMBs is a promising tool for early diagnosis of malaria and other infectious diseases.http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/8/14686Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2immunosensorrapid diagnostic testsultrasensitivemalariacarbon nanofiber
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Emmanuel Gikunoo
Adeyabeba Abera
Eyassu Woldesenbet
spellingShingle Emmanuel Gikunoo
Adeyabeba Abera
Eyassu Woldesenbet
A Novel Carbon Nanofibers Grown on Glass Microballoons Immunosensor: A Tool for Early Diagnosis of Malaria
Sensors
Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2
immunosensor
rapid diagnostic tests
ultrasensitive
malaria
carbon nanofiber
author_facet Emmanuel Gikunoo
Adeyabeba Abera
Eyassu Woldesenbet
author_sort Emmanuel Gikunoo
title A Novel Carbon Nanofibers Grown on Glass Microballoons Immunosensor: A Tool for Early Diagnosis of Malaria
title_short A Novel Carbon Nanofibers Grown on Glass Microballoons Immunosensor: A Tool for Early Diagnosis of Malaria
title_full A Novel Carbon Nanofibers Grown on Glass Microballoons Immunosensor: A Tool for Early Diagnosis of Malaria
title_fullStr A Novel Carbon Nanofibers Grown on Glass Microballoons Immunosensor: A Tool for Early Diagnosis of Malaria
title_full_unstemmed A Novel Carbon Nanofibers Grown on Glass Microballoons Immunosensor: A Tool for Early Diagnosis of Malaria
title_sort novel carbon nanofibers grown on glass microballoons immunosensor: a tool for early diagnosis of malaria
publisher MDPI AG
series Sensors
issn 1424-8220
publishDate 2014-08-01
description This paper presents a novel method for direct detection of Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2 (PfHRP-2) antigen using carbon nanofiber (CNF) forests grown on glass microballoons (NMBs). Secondary antibodies specific to PfHRP-2 densely attached to the CNFs exhibit extraordinary ability for the detection of minute concentrations of Plasmodium species. A sandwich immunoassay protocol was employed, where a glass substrate was used to immobilize primary antibodies at designated capture zones. High signal amplification was obtained in both colorimetric and electrical measurements due to the CNFs through specific binding. As a result, it was possible to detect PfHRP-2 levels as low as 0.025 ng/mL concentration in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) using a visual signal within only 1 min of test duration. Lower limits of 0.01 ng/mL was obtained by measuring the electrical resistivity of the capture zone. This method is also highly selective and specific in identifying PfHRP-2 and other Plasmodium species from the same solution. In addition, the stability of the labeling mechanism eliminates the false signals generated by the use of dyes in current malaria rapid diagnostic test kits (MRDTs). Thus, the rapid, sensitive and high signal amplification capabilities of NMBs is a promising tool for early diagnosis of malaria and other infectious diseases.
topic Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2
immunosensor
rapid diagnostic tests
ultrasensitive
malaria
carbon nanofiber
url http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/8/14686
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