Brainstem stimulation augments information integration in the cerebral cortex of desflurane-anesthetized rats

• Main Authors: Siveshigan ePillay, Jeannette eVizuete, Xiping eLiu, Gabor eJuhasz, Anthony G Hudetz
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2014-02-01
• Series: Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
• Subjects: Anesthesia; Consciousness; ascending arousal system; Cortical state; information integration; Neuronal state repertoire
• Online Access: http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnint.2014.00008/full

States of consciousness have been associated with information integration in the brain as modulated by anesthesia and the ascending arousal system. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that electrical stimulation of the oral part of the pontine reticular nucleus (PnO) can augment information integration in the cerebral cortex of anesthetized rats. Extracellular unit activity and local field potentials were recorded in freely moving animals from parietal association (PtA) and secondary visual (V2) cortices via chronically implanted microwire arrays at three levels of anesthesia produced by desflurane: 3.5%, 4.5%, and 6.0% (where 4.5% corresponds to that critical for the loss of consciousness). Information integration was characterized by integration (multiinformation) and interaction entropy, estimated from the statistical distribution of coincident spike patterns. PnO stimulation elicited electrocortical activation as indicated by the reductions in δ- and θ-band powers at the intermediate level of anesthesia. PnO stimulation augmented integration from 1.13 ± 0.03 to 6.12 ± 1.98 x103 bits and interaction entropy from 0.44 ± 0.11 to 2.18 ± 0.72 x103 bits; these changes were most consistent in the PtA at all desflurane concentrations. Stimulation of the retina with discrete light flashes after PnO stimulation elicited an additional 166 ± 25 and 92 ± 12% increase in interaction entropy in V2 during light and intermediate levels. The results suggest that the PnO may modulate spontaneous ongoing and sensory stimulus-related cortical information integration under anesthesia.