A Solution to the Problem of Electrical Load Shedding Using Hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-Connected System: The Case of Households’ Energy Supply of the Northern Part of Cameroon

A techno-economic study of a hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-connected system for energy supply is carried out in this paper to respond to the problem of electrical load shedding. An optimal design of the system is realized thanks to a double-objective optimization based on a proposed operational strategy of...

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Main Authors: Ruben Zieba Falama, Felix Ngangoum Welaji, Abdouramani Dadjé, Virgil Dumbrava, Noël Djongyang, Chokri Ben Salah, Serge Yamigno Doka
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-05-01
Series:Energies
Subjects:
FA
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/10/2836
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spelling doaj-35a7ad16bf6843689e29698531dd90ca2021-06-01T00:04:42ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732021-05-01142836283610.3390/en14102836A Solution to the Problem of Electrical Load Shedding Using Hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-Connected System: The Case of Households’ Energy Supply of the Northern Part of CameroonRuben Zieba Falama0Felix Ngangoum Welaji1Abdouramani Dadjé2Virgil Dumbrava3Noël Djongyang4Chokri Ben Salah5Serge Yamigno Doka6Faculty of Mines and Petroleum Industries, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 46, CameroonLaboratory of Energy Research, Institute for Geological and Mining Research, Yaoundé P.O. Box 4110, CameroonSchool of Geology and Mining Engineering, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, CameroonDepartment of Power Systems, Faculty of Power Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei, no 313, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of Renewable Energy, National Advanced Polytechnic School, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 46, CameroonLASEE Laboratory, ISSAT of Sousse, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sousse, ENIM, Monastir, TunisiaFaculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, CameroonA techno-economic study of a hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-connected system for energy supply is carried out in this paper to respond to the problem of electrical load shedding. An optimal design of the system is realized thanks to a double-objective optimization based on a proposed operational strategy of the system and on Firefly Algorithm (FA). The system is designed for household energy supply in three different towns of the northern part of Cameroon. For different <i>LPSP</i> (Loss of Power Supply Probability), the double objective simulation determines the optimal configurations of the system with their related cost. The optimal and reliable PV/Battery subsystem configuration corresponding to LPSP of 0% obtained for one household is composed for the towns of Maroua and Garoua by 8 PV modules and a battery capacity of 11.304 kWh with 1-day autonomy. For the town of Ngaoundéré, it is composed by 10 PV modules and battery capacity of 11.304 kWh with 1-day autonomy. The related investment costs corresponding to these optimal configurations are USD 6225.6 for Maroua and Garoua and USD 7136.6 for Ngaoundéré. The great proportion of the monthly energy demand consumed by the load is provided by the PV/Battery system. The monthly PV/Battery energy represents 60.385% to 72.546% of the load consumed in Maroua, 58.371% to 71.855% of the load consumed in Garoua, and 61.233% to 74.160% of the load consumed in Ngaoundéré. The annual main grid energy consumed for one household is 1299.524 kWh in Maroua, 1352.818 kWh in Garoua, and 1260.876 kWh in Ngaoundéré. Moreover, the annual PV/Battery energy consumed for one household is 1580.730 kWh in Maroua, 1527.815 kWh in Garoua, and 1619.530 kWh in Ngaoundéré. Thus, the PV/Battery system, by reducing the grid energy consumption, acts as the principal source of energy of the whole system. The time the PV/Battery/Grid-connected system needs to be economically more advantageous than the electric grid without blackouts is 17 years for Maroua and 18 years for both Garoua and Ngaoundéré. It is demonstrated in this paper that the hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-connected system is an effective solution for electrical load shedding in sub-Saharan zones. This system is very useful for grid energy consumption reduction. For a long-term investment, the PV/Battery/Grid-connected system is more economically advantageous than the main grid alone.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/10/2836techno-economic studyoptimal designFAinvestment cost<i>LPSP</i>
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Ruben Zieba Falama
Felix Ngangoum Welaji
Abdouramani Dadjé
Virgil Dumbrava
Noël Djongyang
Chokri Ben Salah
Serge Yamigno Doka
spellingShingle Ruben Zieba Falama
Felix Ngangoum Welaji
Abdouramani Dadjé
Virgil Dumbrava
Noël Djongyang
Chokri Ben Salah
Serge Yamigno Doka
A Solution to the Problem of Electrical Load Shedding Using Hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-Connected System: The Case of Households’ Energy Supply of the Northern Part of Cameroon
Energies
techno-economic study
optimal design
FA
investment cost
<i>LPSP</i>
author_facet Ruben Zieba Falama
Felix Ngangoum Welaji
Abdouramani Dadjé
Virgil Dumbrava
Noël Djongyang
Chokri Ben Salah
Serge Yamigno Doka
author_sort Ruben Zieba Falama
title A Solution to the Problem of Electrical Load Shedding Using Hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-Connected System: The Case of Households’ Energy Supply of the Northern Part of Cameroon
title_short A Solution to the Problem of Electrical Load Shedding Using Hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-Connected System: The Case of Households’ Energy Supply of the Northern Part of Cameroon
title_full A Solution to the Problem of Electrical Load Shedding Using Hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-Connected System: The Case of Households’ Energy Supply of the Northern Part of Cameroon
title_fullStr A Solution to the Problem of Electrical Load Shedding Using Hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-Connected System: The Case of Households’ Energy Supply of the Northern Part of Cameroon
title_full_unstemmed A Solution to the Problem of Electrical Load Shedding Using Hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-Connected System: The Case of Households’ Energy Supply of the Northern Part of Cameroon
title_sort solution to the problem of electrical load shedding using hybrid pv/battery/grid-connected system: the case of households’ energy supply of the northern part of cameroon
publisher MDPI AG
series Energies
issn 1996-1073
publishDate 2021-05-01
description A techno-economic study of a hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-connected system for energy supply is carried out in this paper to respond to the problem of electrical load shedding. An optimal design of the system is realized thanks to a double-objective optimization based on a proposed operational strategy of the system and on Firefly Algorithm (FA). The system is designed for household energy supply in three different towns of the northern part of Cameroon. For different <i>LPSP</i> (Loss of Power Supply Probability), the double objective simulation determines the optimal configurations of the system with their related cost. The optimal and reliable PV/Battery subsystem configuration corresponding to LPSP of 0% obtained for one household is composed for the towns of Maroua and Garoua by 8 PV modules and a battery capacity of 11.304 kWh with 1-day autonomy. For the town of Ngaoundéré, it is composed by 10 PV modules and battery capacity of 11.304 kWh with 1-day autonomy. The related investment costs corresponding to these optimal configurations are USD 6225.6 for Maroua and Garoua and USD 7136.6 for Ngaoundéré. The great proportion of the monthly energy demand consumed by the load is provided by the PV/Battery system. The monthly PV/Battery energy represents 60.385% to 72.546% of the load consumed in Maroua, 58.371% to 71.855% of the load consumed in Garoua, and 61.233% to 74.160% of the load consumed in Ngaoundéré. The annual main grid energy consumed for one household is 1299.524 kWh in Maroua, 1352.818 kWh in Garoua, and 1260.876 kWh in Ngaoundéré. Moreover, the annual PV/Battery energy consumed for one household is 1580.730 kWh in Maroua, 1527.815 kWh in Garoua, and 1619.530 kWh in Ngaoundéré. Thus, the PV/Battery system, by reducing the grid energy consumption, acts as the principal source of energy of the whole system. The time the PV/Battery/Grid-connected system needs to be economically more advantageous than the electric grid without blackouts is 17 years for Maroua and 18 years for both Garoua and Ngaoundéré. It is demonstrated in this paper that the hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-connected system is an effective solution for electrical load shedding in sub-Saharan zones. This system is very useful for grid energy consumption reduction. For a long-term investment, the PV/Battery/Grid-connected system is more economically advantageous than the main grid alone.
topic techno-economic study
optimal design
FA
investment cost
<i>LPSP</i>
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/10/2836
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