Los límites y las limitaciones del "Archipiélago vertical" en los Andes

• Main Author: John V. Murra
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Universidad Nacional de Colombia 2010-04-01
• Series: Maguaré
• Subjects: civilizaciones andinas; etnias; historia
• Online Access: http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/maguare/article/view/13631

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Trujillo, Octubre de 1974: observaciones ofrecidas para fomentar el debate. Cuando se comparan las civilizaciones andinas con las meso-americanas,  aparece un conjunto de diferencias que se pueden resumir así: 1. En las meso-americanas, los ingresos de los reyes y de los estados se basaban (aunque no exclusivamente) en los tributos extorsionados de las etnias conquistadas; paralelamente, existía un floreciente comercio trasladando los recursos de un piso ecológico a los demás. Ferias y gigantescas plazas de mercado facilitaban el intercambio y la integración macro-económica; un gremio de mercaderes profesionales, los pocchteca, no sólo que organizaban el tráfico ínter-zonal sino que servían fines políticos del aparato estatal;  2. Por contraste, no hubo tributo en los reinos andinos; las autoridades políticas recibían sus ingresos en forma de energía humana invertida en el cultivo de papakancha estatales, la ampliación de las obras de riego o la colonización de nuevos nichos ambientales. La utilización de tales energías fue reglamentada a través de mit'a periodísticas, ligadas a las posibilidades demográficas y al sistema de división dual en "mitades" (saya) y de linajes; 3. Aunque sin duda hubo trueque ocasional de productos sierra arriba y valle abajo, el tráfico de recursos andinos desde un piso ecológico a los demás se realizaba no a través de comercio y plazas de mercado sino utilizando mecanismos que maximizaban el uso recíproco de energías humanas. La mit'a precolombina, como otros lazos de intercambio, reciprocidad y redistribución merecen estudio detallado no sólo en el gabinete o laboratorio, sino trabajo intensivo de campo de los arqueólogos, etnólogos e historiadores.</p>