Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Review of Clinical Diagnosis, Animal Models, Sex Differences, and A Revised Return-to-Play Protocol

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Review of Clinical Diagnosis, Animal Models, Sex Differences, and A Revised Return-to-Play Protocol

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease marked by debilitating cognitive and behavioral symptoms. CTE is thought to be caused by traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), though it remains unclear how the frequency, duration and intensity of TBIs contribute to CTE vu...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Natalie D. Fitzgerald, Katharine M. Cammack
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Appalachian State University Honors College 2017-10-01
Series:Impulse: The Premier Undergraduate Neuroscience Journal
Subjects:
Animal Models
Beta-Amyloid Plaques
Estrogen
mTBI
Neurodegeneration
Neuropathology
NFL
Online Access:https://impulse.appstate.edu/sites/impulse.appstate.edu/files/Fitzgerald%20&%20Cammack.2017.pdf
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spelling doaj-2d6fefe6d49749ae8ce8327b36c1dae42020-11-24T23:41:31ZengAppalachian State University Honors CollegeImpulse: The Premier Undergraduate Neuroscience Journal1934-33611934-33612017-10-01Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Review of Clinical Diagnosis, Animal Models, Sex Differences, and A Revised Return-to-Play ProtocolNatalie D. Fitzgerald0Katharine M. Cammack1The University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee 37383The University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee 37383Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease marked by debilitating cognitive and behavioral symptoms. CTE is thought to be caused by traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), though it remains unclear how the frequency, duration and intensity of TBIs contribute to CTE vulnerability. It is estimated that as many as 4M sports-related TBIs may occur annually in the US, though mild TBIs are often underreported and/or undiagnosed. As participation in athletics is arguably a voluntary and controllable risk factor for TBI, it is important to identify and understand factors that might affect an athlete’s’ likelihood of developing CTE. This review summarizes CTE symptomology and pathology, reviews relevant findings from animal models of TBI/CTE, discusses clinical criteria and emerging technologies used for diagnosis, reviews the extent to which sex differences may contribute to TBI severity and/or recovery and, finally, presents a data-driven protocol for return-to-play procedures for student athletes in contact sports.https://impulse.appstate.edu/sites/impulse.appstate.edu/files/Fitzgerald%20&%20Cammack.2017.pdfAnimal ModelsBeta-Amyloid PlaquesEstrogenmTBINeurodegenerationNeuropathologyNFL
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Natalie D. Fitzgerald
Katharine M. Cammack
spellingShingle Natalie D. Fitzgerald
Katharine M. Cammack
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Review of Clinical Diagnosis, Animal Models, Sex Differences, and A Revised Return-to-Play Protocol
Impulse: The Premier Undergraduate Neuroscience Journal
Animal Models
Beta-Amyloid Plaques
Estrogen
mTBI
Neurodegeneration
Neuropathology
NFL
author_facet Natalie D. Fitzgerald
Katharine M. Cammack
author_sort Natalie D. Fitzgerald
title Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Review of Clinical Diagnosis, Animal Models, Sex Differences, and A Revised Return-to-Play Protocol
title_short Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Review of Clinical Diagnosis, Animal Models, Sex Differences, and A Revised Return-to-Play Protocol
title_full Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Review of Clinical Diagnosis, Animal Models, Sex Differences, and A Revised Return-to-Play Protocol
title_fullStr Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Review of Clinical Diagnosis, Animal Models, Sex Differences, and A Revised Return-to-Play Protocol
title_full_unstemmed Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Review of Clinical Diagnosis, Animal Models, Sex Differences, and A Revised Return-to-Play Protocol
title_sort chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a review of clinical diagnosis, animal models, sex differences, and a revised return-to-play protocol
publisher Appalachian State University Honors College
series Impulse: The Premier Undergraduate Neuroscience Journal
issn 1934-3361
1934-3361
publishDate 2017-10-01
description Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease marked by debilitating cognitive and behavioral symptoms. CTE is thought to be caused by traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), though it remains unclear how the frequency, duration and intensity of TBIs contribute to CTE vulnerability. It is estimated that as many as 4M sports-related TBIs may occur annually in the US, though mild TBIs are often underreported and/or undiagnosed. As participation in athletics is arguably a voluntary and controllable risk factor for TBI, it is important to identify and understand factors that might affect an athlete’s’ likelihood of developing CTE. This review summarizes CTE symptomology and pathology, reviews relevant findings from animal models of TBI/CTE, discusses clinical criteria and emerging technologies used for diagnosis, reviews the extent to which sex differences may contribute to TBI severity and/or recovery and, finally, presents a data-driven protocol for return-to-play procedures for student athletes in contact sports.
topic Animal Models
Beta-Amyloid Plaques
Estrogen
mTBI
Neurodegeneration
Neuropathology
NFL
url https://impulse.appstate.edu/sites/impulse.appstate.edu/files/Fitzgerald%20&%20Cammack.2017.pdf
work_keys_str_mv AT nataliedfitzgerald chronictraumaticencephalopathyareviewofclinicaldiagnosisanimalmodelssexdifferencesandarevisedreturntoplayprotocol
AT katharinemcammack chronictraumaticencephalopathyareviewofclinicaldiagnosisanimalmodelssexdifferencesandarevisedreturntoplayprotocol
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