Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver

The liver is considered the laboratory of the human body because of its many metabolic processes. It accomplishes diverse activities as a mixed gland and is in continuous cross-talk with the endocrine system. Not only do hormones from the gastrointestinal tract that participate in digestion regulate...

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Main Authors: Luis E. Soria-Jasso, Raquel Cariño-Cortés, Víctor Manuel Muñoz-Pérez, Elizabeth Pérez-Hernández, Nury Pérez-Hernández, Eduardo Fernández-Martínez
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2019-09-01
Series:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/19/4694
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spelling doaj-2c3db972226f49c8aace93e8bd713b392020-11-25T02:07:14ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1422-00672019-09-012019469410.3390/ijms20194694ijms20194694Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the LiverLuis E. Soria-Jasso0Raquel Cariño-Cortés1Víctor Manuel Muñoz-Pérez2Elizabeth Pérez-Hernández3Nury Pérez-Hernández4Eduardo Fernández-Martínez5Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Calle Dr. Eliseo Ramírez Ulloa no. 400, Col. Doctores, Pachuca Hidalgo 42090, MexicoLaboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Calle Dr. Eliseo Ramírez Ulloa no. 400, Col. Doctores, Pachuca Hidalgo 42090, MexicoLaboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Calle Dr. Eliseo Ramírez Ulloa no. 400, Col. Doctores, Pachuca Hidalgo 42090, MexicoHospital de Ortopedia “Dr. Victorio de la Fuente Narváez”, IMSS, Mexico 07760, MexicoPrograma Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico 07320, MexicoLaboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Calle Dr. Eliseo Ramírez Ulloa no. 400, Col. Doctores, Pachuca Hidalgo 42090, MexicoThe liver is considered the laboratory of the human body because of its many metabolic processes. It accomplishes diverse activities as a mixed gland and is in continuous cross-talk with the endocrine system. Not only do hormones from the gastrointestinal tract that participate in digestion regulate the liver functions, but the sex hormones also exert a strong influence on this sexually dimorphic organ, via their receptors expressed in liver, in both health and disease. Besides, the liver modifies the actions of sex hormones through their metabolism and transport proteins. Given the anatomical position and physiological importance of liver, this organ is evidenced as an immune vigilante that mediates the systemic immune response, and, in turn, the immune system regulates the hepatic functions. Such feedback is performed by cytokines. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are strongly involved in hepatic homeostasis and in pathological states; indeed, female sex hormones, oral contraceptives, and phytoestrogens have immunomodulatory effects in the liver and the whole organism. To analyze the complex and interesting beneficial or deleterious effects of these drugs by their immunomodulatory actions in the liver can provide the basis for either their pharmacological use in therapeutic treatments or to avoid their intake in some diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/19/4694cholestasiscirrhosiscytokinesimmunomodulationliveroral contraceptivesphytoestrogenssex hormones
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Luis E. Soria-Jasso
Raquel Cariño-Cortés
Víctor Manuel Muñoz-Pérez
Elizabeth Pérez-Hernández
Nury Pérez-Hernández
Eduardo Fernández-Martínez
spellingShingle Luis E. Soria-Jasso
Raquel Cariño-Cortés
Víctor Manuel Muñoz-Pérez
Elizabeth Pérez-Hernández
Nury Pérez-Hernández
Eduardo Fernández-Martínez
Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
cholestasis
cirrhosis
cytokines
immunomodulation
liver
oral contraceptives
phytoestrogens
sex hormones
author_facet Luis E. Soria-Jasso
Raquel Cariño-Cortés
Víctor Manuel Muñoz-Pérez
Elizabeth Pérez-Hernández
Nury Pérez-Hernández
Eduardo Fernández-Martínez
author_sort Luis E. Soria-Jasso
title Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver
title_short Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver
title_full Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver
title_fullStr Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver
title_full_unstemmed Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver
title_sort beneficial and deleterious effects of female sex hormones, oral contraceptives, and phytoestrogens by immunomodulation on the liver
publisher MDPI AG
series International Journal of Molecular Sciences
issn 1422-0067
publishDate 2019-09-01
description The liver is considered the laboratory of the human body because of its many metabolic processes. It accomplishes diverse activities as a mixed gland and is in continuous cross-talk with the endocrine system. Not only do hormones from the gastrointestinal tract that participate in digestion regulate the liver functions, but the sex hormones also exert a strong influence on this sexually dimorphic organ, via their receptors expressed in liver, in both health and disease. Besides, the liver modifies the actions of sex hormones through their metabolism and transport proteins. Given the anatomical position and physiological importance of liver, this organ is evidenced as an immune vigilante that mediates the systemic immune response, and, in turn, the immune system regulates the hepatic functions. Such feedback is performed by cytokines. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are strongly involved in hepatic homeostasis and in pathological states; indeed, female sex hormones, oral contraceptives, and phytoestrogens have immunomodulatory effects in the liver and the whole organism. To analyze the complex and interesting beneficial or deleterious effects of these drugs by their immunomodulatory actions in the liver can provide the basis for either their pharmacological use in therapeutic treatments or to avoid their intake in some diseases.
topic cholestasis
cirrhosis
cytokines
immunomodulation
liver
oral contraceptives
phytoestrogens
sex hormones
url https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/19/4694
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