| Summary: | This work consists of a historical investigation about the importance of caring about childhood for the establishment process of Psychology as a scientific and professional autonomous area in Brazil, from 1930's to 1960's, a period marked by the institutionalization of the emerging psychological knowledge as well as a renewed interest by the matter of childhood ("the future of the nation"). As methodological resources, we used literature and documentary review about three institutions created in Rio de Janeiro, which focused to the application of the psychological knowledge directed to childhood in the educational, legal and health fields. The attachment to the care and childhood assistance was the main factor that allowed psychology to acquire a "usefulness recognition", what culminated in the profession regulation in 1962.
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