Short-Term Effects of Chlorpromazine on Oxidative Stress in Erythrocyte Functionality: Activation of Metabolism and Membrane Perturbation

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the short-term effects of chlorpromazine on erythrocytes because it is reported that the drug, unstable in plasma but more stable in erythrocytes, interacts with erythrocyte membranes, membrane lipids, and hemoglobin. There is a rich literature about the side...

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Main Authors: Silvana Ficarra, Annamaria Russo, Davide Barreca, Elena Giunta, Antonio Galtieri, Ester Tellone
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Hindawi Limited 2016-01-01
Series:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Online Access:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2394130
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spelling doaj-2bab244811774705b7ee4ebfb92782c42020-11-24T22:43:10ZengHindawi LimitedOxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity1942-09001942-09942016-01-01201610.1155/2016/23941302394130Short-Term Effects of Chlorpromazine on Oxidative Stress in Erythrocyte Functionality: Activation of Metabolism and Membrane PerturbationSilvana Ficarra0Annamaria Russo1Davide Barreca2Elena Giunta3Antonio Galtieri4Ester Tellone5Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyVirology and Microbiology AOOR Papardo-Piemonte, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the short-term effects of chlorpromazine on erythrocytes because it is reported that the drug, unstable in plasma but more stable in erythrocytes, interacts with erythrocyte membranes, membrane lipids, and hemoglobin. There is a rich literature about the side and therapeutic effects or complications due to chlorpromazine, but most of these studies explore the influence of long-term treatment. We think that evaluating the short-term effects of the drug may help to clarify the sequence of chlorpromazine molecular targets from which some long-term effects derive. Our results indicate that although the drug is primarily intercalated in the innermost side of the membrane, it does not influence band 3 anionic flux, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation processes. On the other hand, it destabilizes and increases the autooxidation of haemoglobin, induces activation of caspase 3, and, markedly, influences the ATP and reduced glutathione levels, with subsequent exposure of phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface. Overall our observations on the early stage of chlorpromazine influence on erythrocytes may contribute to better understanding of new and interesting characteristics of this compound improving knowledge of erythrocyte metabolism.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2394130
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Silvana Ficarra
Annamaria Russo
Davide Barreca
Elena Giunta
Antonio Galtieri
Ester Tellone
spellingShingle Silvana Ficarra
Annamaria Russo
Davide Barreca
Elena Giunta
Antonio Galtieri
Ester Tellone
Short-Term Effects of Chlorpromazine on Oxidative Stress in Erythrocyte Functionality: Activation of Metabolism and Membrane Perturbation
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
author_facet Silvana Ficarra
Annamaria Russo
Davide Barreca
Elena Giunta
Antonio Galtieri
Ester Tellone
author_sort Silvana Ficarra
title Short-Term Effects of Chlorpromazine on Oxidative Stress in Erythrocyte Functionality: Activation of Metabolism and Membrane Perturbation
title_short Short-Term Effects of Chlorpromazine on Oxidative Stress in Erythrocyte Functionality: Activation of Metabolism and Membrane Perturbation
title_full Short-Term Effects of Chlorpromazine on Oxidative Stress in Erythrocyte Functionality: Activation of Metabolism and Membrane Perturbation
title_fullStr Short-Term Effects of Chlorpromazine on Oxidative Stress in Erythrocyte Functionality: Activation of Metabolism and Membrane Perturbation
title_full_unstemmed Short-Term Effects of Chlorpromazine on Oxidative Stress in Erythrocyte Functionality: Activation of Metabolism and Membrane Perturbation
title_sort short-term effects of chlorpromazine on oxidative stress in erythrocyte functionality: activation of metabolism and membrane perturbation
publisher Hindawi Limited
series Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
issn 1942-0900
1942-0994
publishDate 2016-01-01
description The purpose of this paper is to focus on the short-term effects of chlorpromazine on erythrocytes because it is reported that the drug, unstable in plasma but more stable in erythrocytes, interacts with erythrocyte membranes, membrane lipids, and hemoglobin. There is a rich literature about the side and therapeutic effects or complications due to chlorpromazine, but most of these studies explore the influence of long-term treatment. We think that evaluating the short-term effects of the drug may help to clarify the sequence of chlorpromazine molecular targets from which some long-term effects derive. Our results indicate that although the drug is primarily intercalated in the innermost side of the membrane, it does not influence band 3 anionic flux, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation processes. On the other hand, it destabilizes and increases the autooxidation of haemoglobin, induces activation of caspase 3, and, markedly, influences the ATP and reduced glutathione levels, with subsequent exposure of phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface. Overall our observations on the early stage of chlorpromazine influence on erythrocytes may contribute to better understanding of new and interesting characteristics of this compound improving knowledge of erythrocyte metabolism.
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2394130
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