Reply to “Comment on the ‘Ground Water Chemistry Changes before Major Earthquakes and Possible Effects on Animals’, by R. A. Grant, T. Halliday, W. P. Balderer, F. Leuenberger, M. Newcomer, G. Cyr and F. T. Freund. <em>Int. J. Enviro</em><em>n</em><em>. Res. Public Health</em>, 2011, <em>8</em>, 1936–1956” from Friedemann Freund, Rachel Grant and Co-Authors

Reply to “Comment on the ‘Ground Water Chemistry Changes before Major Earthquakes and Possible Effects on Animals’, by R. A. Grant, T. Halliday, W. P. Balderer, F. Leuenberger, M. Newcomer, G. Cyr and F. T. Freund. <em>Int. J. Enviro</em><em>n</em><em>. Res. Public Health</em>, 2011, <em>8</em>, 1936–1956” from Friedemann Freund, Rachel Grant and Co-Authors

We fully agree with Dr. Vassiliki Katsika-Tsigourakou that there is more than one possible explanation for the wide range of electromagnetic (EM) field bioeffects reported in the literature. In order to generate EM fields electric currents need to flow that oscillate. Currents that flow through the...

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Main Authors: Rachel A. Grant, Friedemann Freund
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2012-07-01
Series:International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Subjects:
n/a
Online Access:http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/7/2343
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spelling doaj-2b83ac83ce054f168080edb4c3de7cc92020-11-24T21:07:19ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1660-46012012-07-01972343234410.3390/ijerph9072343Reply to “Comment on the ‘Ground Water Chemistry Changes before Major Earthquakes and Possible Effects on Animals’, by R. A. Grant, T. Halliday, W. P. Balderer, F. Leuenberger, M. Newcomer, G. Cyr and F. T. Freund. <em>Int. J. Enviro</em><em>n</em><em>. Res. Public Health</em>, 2011, <em>8</em>, 1936–1956” from Friedemann Freund, Rachel Grant and Co-AuthorsRachel A. GrantFriedemann FreundWe fully agree with Dr. Vassiliki Katsika-Tsigourakou that there is more than one possible explanation for the wide range of electromagnetic (EM) field bioeffects reported in the literature. In order to generate EM fields electric currents need to flow that oscillate. Currents that flow through the ground also generate electrical potentials. Such potentials can lead to electrochemical reactions at ground-water interfaces such as the demonstrated oxidation of water to hydrogen peroxide [1]. EM emissions and electrochemical reactions are therefore manifestations of the same physical process in the natural environment. [...]http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/7/2343n/a
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Rachel A. Grant
Friedemann Freund
spellingShingle Rachel A. Grant
Friedemann Freund
Reply to “Comment on the ‘Ground Water Chemistry Changes before Major Earthquakes and Possible Effects on Animals’, by R. A. Grant, T. Halliday, W. P. Balderer, F. Leuenberger, M. Newcomer, G. Cyr and F. T. Freund. <em>Int. J. Enviro</em><em>n</em><em>. Res. Public Health</em>, 2011, <em>8</em>, 1936–1956” from Friedemann Freund, Rachel Grant and Co-Authors
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
n/a
author_facet Rachel A. Grant
Friedemann Freund
author_sort Rachel A. Grant
title Reply to “Comment on the ‘Ground Water Chemistry Changes before Major Earthquakes and Possible Effects on Animals’, by R. A. Grant, T. Halliday, W. P. Balderer, F. Leuenberger, M. Newcomer, G. Cyr and F. T. Freund. <em>Int. J. Enviro</em><em>n</em><em>. Res. Public Health</em>, 2011, <em>8</em>, 1936–1956” from Friedemann Freund, Rachel Grant and Co-Authors
title_short Reply to “Comment on the ‘Ground Water Chemistry Changes before Major Earthquakes and Possible Effects on Animals’, by R. A. Grant, T. Halliday, W. P. Balderer, F. Leuenberger, M. Newcomer, G. Cyr and F. T. Freund. <em>Int. J. Enviro</em><em>n</em><em>. Res. Public Health</em>, 2011, <em>8</em>, 1936–1956” from Friedemann Freund, Rachel Grant and Co-Authors
title_full Reply to “Comment on the ‘Ground Water Chemistry Changes before Major Earthquakes and Possible Effects on Animals’, by R. A. Grant, T. Halliday, W. P. Balderer, F. Leuenberger, M. Newcomer, G. Cyr and F. T. Freund. <em>Int. J. Enviro</em><em>n</em><em>. Res. Public Health</em>, 2011, <em>8</em>, 1936–1956” from Friedemann Freund, Rachel Grant and Co-Authors
title_fullStr Reply to “Comment on the ‘Ground Water Chemistry Changes before Major Earthquakes and Possible Effects on Animals’, by R. A. Grant, T. Halliday, W. P. Balderer, F. Leuenberger, M. Newcomer, G. Cyr and F. T. Freund. <em>Int. J. Enviro</em><em>n</em><em>. Res. Public Health</em>, 2011, <em>8</em>, 1936–1956” from Friedemann Freund, Rachel Grant and Co-Authors
title_full_unstemmed Reply to “Comment on the ‘Ground Water Chemistry Changes before Major Earthquakes and Possible Effects on Animals’, by R. A. Grant, T. Halliday, W. P. Balderer, F. Leuenberger, M. Newcomer, G. Cyr and F. T. Freund. <em>Int. J. Enviro</em><em>n</em><em>. Res. Public Health</em>, 2011, <em>8</em>, 1936–1956” from Friedemann Freund, Rachel Grant and Co-Authors
title_sort reply to “comment on the ‘ground water chemistry changes before major earthquakes and possible effects on animals’, by r. a. grant, t. halliday, w. p. balderer, f. leuenberger, m. newcomer, g. cyr and f. t. freund. <em>int. j. enviro</em><em>n</em><em>. res. public health</em>, 2011, <em>8</em>, 1936–1956” from friedemann freund, rachel grant and co-authors
publisher MDPI AG
series International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
issn 1660-4601
publishDate 2012-07-01
description We fully agree with Dr. Vassiliki Katsika-Tsigourakou that there is more than one possible explanation for the wide range of electromagnetic (EM) field bioeffects reported in the literature. In order to generate EM fields electric currents need to flow that oscillate. Currents that flow through the ground also generate electrical potentials. Such potentials can lead to electrochemical reactions at ground-water interfaces such as the demonstrated oxidation of water to hydrogen peroxide [1]. EM emissions and electrochemical reactions are therefore manifestations of the same physical process in the natural environment. [...]
topic n/a
url http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/7/2343
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