Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: Useful Tools with New Applications

Adipose stem cells (ASCs) are a crucial element in bone tissue engineering (BTE). They are easy to harvest and isolate, and they are available in significative quantities, thus offering a feasible and valid alternative to other sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), like bone marrow. Together wit...

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Main Authors: Gabriele Storti, Maria Giovanna Scioli, Bong-Sung Kim, Augusto Orlandi, Valerio Cervelli
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Hindawi Limited 2019-01-01
Series:Stem Cells International
Online Access:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3673857
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spelling doaj-29cd11dbde794071b6cf884c3799d66c2020-11-25T03:24:52ZengHindawi LimitedStem Cells International1687-966X1687-96782019-01-01201910.1155/2019/36738573673857Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: Useful Tools with New ApplicationsGabriele Storti0Maria Giovanna Scioli1Bong-Sung Kim2Augusto Orlandi3Valerio Cervelli4Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome - "Tor Vergata", ItalyAnatomy Pathology Institute, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome - "Tor Vergata", ItalyDivision of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, SwitzerlandAnatomy Pathology Institute, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome - "Tor Vergata", ItalyPlastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome - "Tor Vergata", ItalyAdipose stem cells (ASCs) are a crucial element in bone tissue engineering (BTE). They are easy to harvest and isolate, and they are available in significative quantities, thus offering a feasible and valid alternative to other sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), like bone marrow. Together with an advantageous proliferative and differentiative profile, they also offer a high paracrine activity through the secretion of several bioactive molecules (such as growth factors and miRNAs) via a sustained exosomal release which can exert efficient conditioning on the surrounding microenvironment. BTE relies on three key elements: (1) scaffold, (2) osteoprogenitor cells, and (3) bioactive factors. These elements have been thoroughly investigated over the years. The use of ASCs has offered significative new advancements in the efficacy of each of these elements. Notably, the phenotypic study of ASCs allowed discovering cell subpopulations, which have enhanced osteogenic and vasculogenic capacity. ASCs favored a better vascularization and integration of the scaffolds, while improvements in scaffolds’ materials and design tried to exploit the osteogenic features of ASCs, thus reducing the need for external bioactive factors. At the same time, ASCs proved to be an incredible source of bioactive, proosteogenic factors that are released through their abundant exosome secretion. ASC exosomes can exert significant paracrine effects in the surroundings, even in the absence of the primary cells. These paracrine signals recruit progenitor cells from the host tissues and enhance regeneration. In this review, we will focus on the recent discoveries which have involved the use of ASCs in BTE. In particular, we are going to analyze the different ASCs’ subpopulations, the interaction between ASCs and scaffolds, and the bioactive factors which are secreted by ASCs or can induce their osteogenic commitment. All these advancements are ultimately intended for a faster translational and clinical application of BTE.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3673857
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Gabriele Storti
Maria Giovanna Scioli
Bong-Sung Kim
Augusto Orlandi
Valerio Cervelli
spellingShingle Gabriele Storti
Maria Giovanna Scioli
Bong-Sung Kim
Augusto Orlandi
Valerio Cervelli
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: Useful Tools with New Applications
Stem Cells International
author_facet Gabriele Storti
Maria Giovanna Scioli
Bong-Sung Kim
Augusto Orlandi
Valerio Cervelli
author_sort Gabriele Storti
title Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: Useful Tools with New Applications
title_short Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: Useful Tools with New Applications
title_full Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: Useful Tools with New Applications
title_fullStr Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: Useful Tools with New Applications
title_full_unstemmed Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: Useful Tools with New Applications
title_sort adipose-derived stem cells in bone tissue engineering: useful tools with new applications
publisher Hindawi Limited
series Stem Cells International
issn 1687-966X
1687-9678
publishDate 2019-01-01
description Adipose stem cells (ASCs) are a crucial element in bone tissue engineering (BTE). They are easy to harvest and isolate, and they are available in significative quantities, thus offering a feasible and valid alternative to other sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), like bone marrow. Together with an advantageous proliferative and differentiative profile, they also offer a high paracrine activity through the secretion of several bioactive molecules (such as growth factors and miRNAs) via a sustained exosomal release which can exert efficient conditioning on the surrounding microenvironment. BTE relies on three key elements: (1) scaffold, (2) osteoprogenitor cells, and (3) bioactive factors. These elements have been thoroughly investigated over the years. The use of ASCs has offered significative new advancements in the efficacy of each of these elements. Notably, the phenotypic study of ASCs allowed discovering cell subpopulations, which have enhanced osteogenic and vasculogenic capacity. ASCs favored a better vascularization and integration of the scaffolds, while improvements in scaffolds’ materials and design tried to exploit the osteogenic features of ASCs, thus reducing the need for external bioactive factors. At the same time, ASCs proved to be an incredible source of bioactive, proosteogenic factors that are released through their abundant exosome secretion. ASC exosomes can exert significant paracrine effects in the surroundings, even in the absence of the primary cells. These paracrine signals recruit progenitor cells from the host tissues and enhance regeneration. In this review, we will focus on the recent discoveries which have involved the use of ASCs in BTE. In particular, we are going to analyze the different ASCs’ subpopulations, the interaction between ASCs and scaffolds, and the bioactive factors which are secreted by ASCs or can induce their osteogenic commitment. All these advancements are ultimately intended for a faster translational and clinical application of BTE.
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3673857
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