Contrasting local and long-range-transported warm ice-nucleating particles during an atmospheric river in coastal California, USA
<p>Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) have been found to influence the amount, phase and efficiency of precipitation from winter storms, including atmospheric rivers. Warm INPs, those that initiate freezing at temperatures warmer than <span class="inline-formula">−10</span>&...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2019-04-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/19/4193/2019/acp-19-4193-2019.pdf |
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doaj-27d43883508f46c8a6aba7eefbcf365b |
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| record_format |
Article |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
English |
| format |
Article |
| sources |
DOAJ |
| author |
A. C. Martin A. C. Martin G. Cornwell C. M. Beall F. Cannon S. Reilly B. Schaap D. Lucero J. Creamean J. Creamean J. Creamean F. M. Ralph H. T. Mix K. Prather K. Prather |
| spellingShingle |
A. C. Martin A. C. Martin G. Cornwell C. M. Beall F. Cannon S. Reilly B. Schaap D. Lucero J. Creamean J. Creamean J. Creamean F. M. Ralph H. T. Mix K. Prather K. Prather Contrasting local and long-range-transported warm ice-nucleating particles during an atmospheric river in coastal California, USA Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| author_facet |
A. C. Martin A. C. Martin G. Cornwell C. M. Beall F. Cannon S. Reilly B. Schaap D. Lucero J. Creamean J. Creamean J. Creamean F. M. Ralph H. T. Mix K. Prather K. Prather |
| author_sort |
A. C. Martin |
| title |
Contrasting local and long-range-transported warm ice-nucleating particles during an atmospheric river in coastal California, USA |
| title_short |
Contrasting local and long-range-transported warm ice-nucleating particles during an atmospheric river in coastal California, USA |
| title_full |
Contrasting local and long-range-transported warm ice-nucleating particles during an atmospheric river in coastal California, USA |
| title_fullStr |
Contrasting local and long-range-transported warm ice-nucleating particles during an atmospheric river in coastal California, USA |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Contrasting local and long-range-transported warm ice-nucleating particles during an atmospheric river in coastal California, USA |
| title_sort |
contrasting local and long-range-transported warm ice-nucleating particles during an atmospheric river in coastal california, usa |
| publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
| series |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| issn |
1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| publishDate |
2019-04-01 |
| description |
<p>Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) have been found to influence the
amount, phase and efficiency of precipitation from winter storms, including
atmospheric rivers. Warm INPs, those that initiate freezing at temperatures
warmer than <span class="inline-formula">−10</span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C, are thought to be particularly impactful
because they can create primary ice in mixed-phase clouds, enhancing
precipitation efficiency. The dominant sources of warm INPs during atmospheric
rivers, the role of meteorology in modulating transport and injection of warm
INPs into atmospheric river clouds, and the impact of warm INPs on mixed-phase
cloud properties are not well-understood. In this case study, time-resolved
precipitation samples were collected during an atmospheric river in northern
California, USA, during winter 2016. Precipitation samples were collected at
two sites, one coastal and one inland, which are separated by about 35 km.
The sites are sufficiently close that air mass sources during this storm were
almost identical, but the inland site was exposed to terrestrial sources of
warm INPs while the coastal site was not. Warm INPs were more numerous in
precipitation at the inland site by an order of magnitude. Using FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle
dispersion model) dispersion modeling and radar-derived cloud vertical structure, we detected
influence from terrestrial INP sources at the inland site but did not find
clear evidence of marine warm INPs at either site. We episodically detected
warm INPs from long-range-transported sources at both sites. By extending the
FLEXPART modeling using a meteorological reanalysis, we demonstrate that
long-range-transported warm INPs were observed only when the upper
tropospheric jet provided transport to cloud tops. Using radar-derived
hydrometeor classifications, we demonstrate that hydrometeors over the
terrestrially influenced inland site were more likely to be in the ice phase
for cloud temperatures between 0 and <span class="inline-formula">−10</span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C. We thus conclude that
terrestrial and long-range-transported aerosol were important sources of warm
INPs during this atmospheric river. Meteorological details such as transport
mechanism and cloud structure were important in determining (i) warm INP source
and injection temperature and (ii) ultimately the impact of warm INPs on
mixed-phase cloud properties.</p> |
| url |
https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/19/4193/2019/acp-19-4193-2019.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv |
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doaj-27d43883508f46c8a6aba7eefbcf365b2020-11-25T01:16:16ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242019-04-01194193421010.5194/acp-19-4193-2019Contrasting local and long-range-transported warm ice-nucleating particles during an atmospheric river in coastal California, USAA. C. Martin0A. C. Martin1G. Cornwell2C. M. Beall3F. Cannon4S. Reilly5B. Schaap6D. Lucero7J. Creamean8J. Creamean9J. Creamean10F. M. Ralph11H. T. Mix12K. Prather13K. Prather14Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USAcurrently at: Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland OR, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USAScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USACenter for Western Weather and Water Extremes, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USADepartment of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USAScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USACooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USAPhysical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USAcurrently at: Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USACenter for Western Weather and Water Extremes, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USADepartment of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USAScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA<p>Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) have been found to influence the amount, phase and efficiency of precipitation from winter storms, including atmospheric rivers. Warm INPs, those that initiate freezing at temperatures warmer than <span class="inline-formula">−10</span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C, are thought to be particularly impactful because they can create primary ice in mixed-phase clouds, enhancing precipitation efficiency. The dominant sources of warm INPs during atmospheric rivers, the role of meteorology in modulating transport and injection of warm INPs into atmospheric river clouds, and the impact of warm INPs on mixed-phase cloud properties are not well-understood. In this case study, time-resolved precipitation samples were collected during an atmospheric river in northern California, USA, during winter 2016. Precipitation samples were collected at two sites, one coastal and one inland, which are separated by about 35 km. The sites are sufficiently close that air mass sources during this storm were almost identical, but the inland site was exposed to terrestrial sources of warm INPs while the coastal site was not. Warm INPs were more numerous in precipitation at the inland site by an order of magnitude. Using FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) dispersion modeling and radar-derived cloud vertical structure, we detected influence from terrestrial INP sources at the inland site but did not find clear evidence of marine warm INPs at either site. We episodically detected warm INPs from long-range-transported sources at both sites. By extending the FLEXPART modeling using a meteorological reanalysis, we demonstrate that long-range-transported warm INPs were observed only when the upper tropospheric jet provided transport to cloud tops. Using radar-derived hydrometeor classifications, we demonstrate that hydrometeors over the terrestrially influenced inland site were more likely to be in the ice phase for cloud temperatures between 0 and <span class="inline-formula">−10</span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C. We thus conclude that terrestrial and long-range-transported aerosol were important sources of warm INPs during this atmospheric river. Meteorological details such as transport mechanism and cloud structure were important in determining (i) warm INP source and injection temperature and (ii) ultimately the impact of warm INPs on mixed-phase cloud properties.</p>https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/19/4193/2019/acp-19-4193-2019.pdf |