Metal Extraction and Recovery from Mobile Phone PCBs by a Combination of Bioleaching and Precipitation Processes

• Main Authors: Arrate Santaolalla, Piet N. L. Lens, Astrid Barona, Naiara Rojo, Ainhoa Ocio, Gorka Gallastegui
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-09-01
• Series: Minerals
• Subjects: mobile phone PCBs; pretreatment; bioleaching; <i>A. ferrooxidans</i>; chemical precipitation; recycling
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/9/1004

Bearing in mind the metal rich composition of printed circuit boards (PCBs), this material represents a secondary source of valuable metals and offers an entrepreneurial opportunity in the metal sales market. Based on the ability of microorganisms to regenerate and produce the chemical oxidants that are responsible for metal leaching, bioleaching has become an efficient and affordable alternative to conventional metal recycling technologies, although further research is still necessary before industrial implementation. This study focuses on the recovery of metals contained in mobile phone PCBs through a combined process. Two different PCB pre-treatments were evaluated: grinding the whole piece and removing the epoxy cover from the piece without grinding. The benefit of <i>A. ferrooxidans</i> activity on the metal solubilization rate was analyzed. Additional chemical leaching assays were also conducted for comparison purposes and the reagents ferric iron (Fe³⁺) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) were selected for these experiments. The copper extraction results obtained in Fe³⁺ experiments with and without bacteria (<i>A. ferrooxidans</i>) were similar after 260 h of operation, indicating the need for alternative strategies to ensure a controlled and continuous metal biodissolution rate. The contribution of H₂SO₄ to the leaching processes for copper and nickel was almost negligible during the first 50 h, and more significant thereafter. The recovered metals were precipitated from a synthetic solution simulating a real ferric leaching by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfide (Na₂S). The combination of both precipitants allowed an effective removal of metals from the leachate.