Haemodialysis-related-heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Case series and literature review

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious and life-threatening complication that occurs in five per cent of patients exposed to heparin. It should be considered in patients with a platelet count <100 × 109 cells/l or a >50% decrease from baseline count in association with heparin the...

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Main Authors: Joana Gameiro, Sofia Jorge, José António Lopes
Format: Article
Language:Spanish
Published: Elsevier 2018-09-01
Series:Nefrología
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0211699518300651
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spelling doaj-22c96accff794edc9375e8b52790df062020-11-24T21:34:23ZspaElsevierNefrología0211-69952018-09-01385551557Haemodialysis-related-heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Case series and literature reviewJoana Gameiro0Sofia Jorge1José António Lopes2Corresponding author.; Division of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, EPE, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisboa, PortugalDivision of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, EPE, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisboa, PortugalDivision of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, EPE, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisboa, PortugalHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious and life-threatening complication that occurs in five per cent of patients exposed to heparin. It should be considered in patients with a platelet count <100 × 109 cells/l or a >50% decrease from baseline count in association with heparin therapy. Thromboembolic complications develop in 50% of patients. Bleeding is rare as the platelet count nadir typically does not drop below 20 × 109 cells/l. Up to 12% of dialysis patients develop HIT, named haemodialysis-related-heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HD-HIT), as they are a risk group with continuous exposure to heparin. The definition of HD-HIT is less strict, in the range of a platelet count decrease of 30% and below 150 × 109 cells/l due to the intermittent use of heparin.Heparin cessation and alternative anticoagulation are the key interventions in patients with HIT. In dialysis patients, citrate anticoagulation, heparin-free dialysis or peritoneal dialysis are options that must be considered.The authors describe the presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of five cases of HD-HIT, and emphasize the importance of an accurate diagnosis and early intervention in order to reduce the mortality risk, which can be as high as 20 per cent. Resumen: La trombocitopenia inducida por heparina (TIH) es una complicación grave y potencialmente mortal que aparece en el 5% de los pacientes expuestos a heparina. Debe considerarse en pacientes con una cifra de plaquetas < 100 × 109 células/l o una reducción respecto al valor basal de > 50% asociada a tratamiento con heparina. El 50% de los pacientes desarrollan complicaciones tromboembólicas. Se produce hemorragia en raras ocasiones dado que el valor mínimo de la cifra de plaquetas normalmente no desciende por debajo de 20 × 109 células/l. Hasta el 12% de los pacientes en diálisis desarrollan TIH, denominada trombocitopenia inducida por heparina relacionada con hemodiálisis (TIH-RH), puesto que son un grupo de riesgo con exposición continua a heparina. La definición de TIH-RH es menos estricta, dentro de un rango de descenso de la cifra de plaquetas del 30% y por debajo de 150 × 109 células/l debido al uso intermitente de heparina.El cese del tratamiento con heparina y la administración de anticoagulación alternativa son las intervenciones clave en pacientes con TIH. En pacientes en diálisis, la anticoagulación con citrato, la diálisis libre de heparina y la diálisis peritoneal son opciones que deben tenerse en cuenta.Los autores describen la presentación, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y los desenlaces de 5 casos de TIH-RH y destacan la importancia de un diagnóstico preciso, así como de una intervención temprana con el fin de reducir el riesgo de mortalidad, que puede alcanzar el 20%. Keywords: Heparin, Thrombocytopenia, Dialysis, Palabras clave: Heparina, Trombocitopenia, Diálisishttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0211699518300651
collection DOAJ
language Spanish
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Joana Gameiro
Sofia Jorge
José António Lopes
spellingShingle Joana Gameiro
Sofia Jorge
José António Lopes
Haemodialysis-related-heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Case series and literature review
Nefrología
author_facet Joana Gameiro
Sofia Jorge
José António Lopes
author_sort Joana Gameiro
title Haemodialysis-related-heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Case series and literature review
title_short Haemodialysis-related-heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Case series and literature review
title_full Haemodialysis-related-heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Case series and literature review
title_fullStr Haemodialysis-related-heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Case series and literature review
title_full_unstemmed Haemodialysis-related-heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Case series and literature review
title_sort haemodialysis-related-heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: case series and literature review
publisher Elsevier
series Nefrología
issn 0211-6995
publishDate 2018-09-01
description Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious and life-threatening complication that occurs in five per cent of patients exposed to heparin. It should be considered in patients with a platelet count <100 × 109 cells/l or a >50% decrease from baseline count in association with heparin therapy. Thromboembolic complications develop in 50% of patients. Bleeding is rare as the platelet count nadir typically does not drop below 20 × 109 cells/l. Up to 12% of dialysis patients develop HIT, named haemodialysis-related-heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HD-HIT), as they are a risk group with continuous exposure to heparin. The definition of HD-HIT is less strict, in the range of a platelet count decrease of 30% and below 150 × 109 cells/l due to the intermittent use of heparin.Heparin cessation and alternative anticoagulation are the key interventions in patients with HIT. In dialysis patients, citrate anticoagulation, heparin-free dialysis or peritoneal dialysis are options that must be considered.The authors describe the presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of five cases of HD-HIT, and emphasize the importance of an accurate diagnosis and early intervention in order to reduce the mortality risk, which can be as high as 20 per cent. Resumen: La trombocitopenia inducida por heparina (TIH) es una complicación grave y potencialmente mortal que aparece en el 5% de los pacientes expuestos a heparina. Debe considerarse en pacientes con una cifra de plaquetas < 100 × 109 células/l o una reducción respecto al valor basal de > 50% asociada a tratamiento con heparina. El 50% de los pacientes desarrollan complicaciones tromboembólicas. Se produce hemorragia en raras ocasiones dado que el valor mínimo de la cifra de plaquetas normalmente no desciende por debajo de 20 × 109 células/l. Hasta el 12% de los pacientes en diálisis desarrollan TIH, denominada trombocitopenia inducida por heparina relacionada con hemodiálisis (TIH-RH), puesto que son un grupo de riesgo con exposición continua a heparina. La definición de TIH-RH es menos estricta, dentro de un rango de descenso de la cifra de plaquetas del 30% y por debajo de 150 × 109 células/l debido al uso intermitente de heparina.El cese del tratamiento con heparina y la administración de anticoagulación alternativa son las intervenciones clave en pacientes con TIH. En pacientes en diálisis, la anticoagulación con citrato, la diálisis libre de heparina y la diálisis peritoneal son opciones que deben tenerse en cuenta.Los autores describen la presentación, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y los desenlaces de 5 casos de TIH-RH y destacan la importancia de un diagnóstico preciso, así como de una intervención temprana con el fin de reducir el riesgo de mortalidad, que puede alcanzar el 20%. Keywords: Heparin, Thrombocytopenia, Dialysis, Palabras clave: Heparina, Trombocitopenia, Diálisis
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0211699518300651
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