Evidence of transcranial direct current stimulation-generated electric fields at subthalamic level in human brain in vivo

• Main Authors: Pratik Y. Chhatbar, Steven A. Kautz, Istvan Takacs, Nathan C. Rowland, Gonzalo J. Revuelta, Mark S. George, Marom Bikson, Wuwei Feng
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier 2018-07-01
• Series: Brain Stimulation
• Subjects: Deep brain stimulation; Transcranial direct current stimulation; Body resistance; Dose-dependence; Voltage-current relationship
• Online Access: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X18300895

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising brain modulation technique for several disease conditions. With this technique, some portion of the current penetrates through the scalp to the cortex and modulates cortical excitability, but a recent human cadaver study questions the amount. This insufficient intracerebral penetration of currents may partially explain the inconsistent and mixed results in tDCS studies to date. Experimental validation of a transcranial alternating current stimulation-generated electric field (EF) in vivo has been performed on the cortical (using electrocorticography, ECoG, electrodes), subcortical (using stereo electroencephalography, SEEG, electrodes) and deeper thalamic/subthalamic levels (using DBS electrodes). However, tDCS-generated EF measurements have never been attempted. Objective: We aimed to demonstrate that tDCS generates biologically relevant EF as deep as the subthalamic level in vivo. Methods: Patients with movement disorders who have implanted deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes serve as a natural experimental model for thalamic/subthalamic recordings of tDCS-generated EF. We measured voltage changes from DBS electrodes and body resistance from tDCS electrodes in three subjects while applying direct current to the scalp at 2 mA and 4 mA over two tDCS montages. Results: Voltage changes at the level of deep nuclei changed proportionally with the level of applied current and varied with different tDCS montages. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that scalp-applied tDCS generates biologically relevant EF. Incorporation of these experimental results may improve finite element analysis (FEA)-based models.