Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer disease: environmental risk factors

Introduction: The purpose of this review is to update and summarise available evidence on environmental risk factors that have been associated with risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) or Alzheimer disease (AD) and to discuss their potential mechanisms. Development: Evidence consistently suggests t...

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Main Author: J. Campdelacreu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier España 2014-11-01
Series:Neurología (English Edition)
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173580814001394
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author J. Campdelacreu
spellingShingle J. Campdelacreu
Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer disease: environmental risk factors
Neurología (English Edition)
author_facet J. Campdelacreu
author_sort J. Campdelacreu
title Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer disease: environmental risk factors
title_short Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer disease: environmental risk factors
title_full Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer disease: environmental risk factors
title_fullStr Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer disease: environmental risk factors
title_full_unstemmed Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer disease: environmental risk factors
title_sort parkinson's disease and alzheimer disease: environmental risk factors
publisher Elsevier España
series Neurología (English Edition)
issn 2173-5808
publishDate 2014-11-01
description Introduction: The purpose of this review is to update and summarise available evidence on environmental risk factors that have been associated with risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) or Alzheimer disease (AD) and to discuss their potential mechanisms. Development: Evidence consistently suggests that a higher risk of PD is associated with pesticides and that a higher risk of AD is associated with pesticides, hypertension and high cholesterol levels in middle age, hyperhomocysteinaemia, smoking, traumatic brain injury and depression. There is weak evidence suggesting that higher risk of PD is associated with high milk consumption in men, high iron intake, chronic anaemia and traumatic brain injury. Weak evidence also suggests that a higher risk of AD is associated with high aluminium intake through drinking water, excessive exposure to electromagnetic fields from electrical grids, DM and hyperinsulinaemia, obesity in middle age, excessive alcohol consumption and chronic anaemia. Evidence consistently suggests that a lower risk of PD is associated with hyperuricaemia, tobacco and coffee use, while a lower risk of AD is associated with moderate alcohol consumption, physical exercise, perimenopausal hormone replacement therapy and good cognitive reserve. Weak evidence suggests that lower risk of PD is associated with increased vitamin E intake, alcohol, tea, NSAIDs, and vigorous physical exercise, and that lower risk of AD is associated with the Mediterranean diet, coffee and habitual NSAID consumption. Conclusions: Several environmental factors contribute significantly to risk of PD and AD. Some may already be active in the early stages of life, and some may interact with other genetic factors. Population-based strategies to modify such factors could potentially result in fewer cases of PD or AD. Resumen: Introducción: Esta revisión pretende actualizar y resumir la evidencia disponible sobre los factores de riesgo ambientales que se han asociado a riesgo de enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) o de Alzheimer (EA) y discutir sus posibles mecanismos. Desarrollo: Hay evidencia consistente de mayor riesgo de EP asociado a pesticidas y de mayor riesgo de EA asociado a pesticidas, hipertensión y colesterol en edad media, hiperhomocistei-nemia, tabaco, traumatismo craneoencefálico grave y depresión. Hay evidencia débil de mayor riesgo de EP asociado a consumo elevado de leche en hombres, ingesta alta de hierro, ane-mia crónica y traumatismo craneoencefálico grave, y de mayor riesgo de EA asociado a ingesta elevada de aluminio en agua potable, alta exposición a redes eléctricas, DM e hiperinsuline-mia, obesidad en edad media, consumo excesivo de alcohol y anaemia crónica. Hay evidencia consistente de menor riesgo de EP asociado a hiperuricemia, tabaco y café, y de menor riesgo de EA asociado a consumo moderado de alcohol, ejercicio físico, terapia hormonal sustitutiva perimenopáusica y buena reserva cognitiva; hay evidencia débil de menor riesgo de EP asociado a mayor consumo de vitamina E, alcohol, té y AINE y a ejercicio físico vigoroso, y de menor riesgo de EA asociado a dieta mediterránea, café y consumo crónico de AINE. Conclusiones: Diversos factores ambientales contribuyen significativamente al riesgo de EP y EA. Algunos de ellos podrían actuar ya desde etapas tempranas de la vida o interaccionar con otros factores genéticos. Estrategias poblacionales de modificación de estos factores podrían potencialmente evitar algunos casos de EP o de EA. Keywords: Environmental risk factors, Protective factors, Environmental toxins, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer disease, Interaction, Palabras clave: Factores de riesgo ambientales, Factores protectores, Tóxicos ambientales, Enfermedad de Parkinson, Enfermedad de Alzheimer, Interacción
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173580814001394
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spelling doaj-1fa6a83a731549cf959f72084a9d64932020-11-25T01:21:19ZengElsevier EspañaNeurología (English Edition)2173-58082014-11-01299541549Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer disease: environmental risk factorsJ. Campdelacreu0Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, SpainIntroduction: The purpose of this review is to update and summarise available evidence on environmental risk factors that have been associated with risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) or Alzheimer disease (AD) and to discuss their potential mechanisms. Development: Evidence consistently suggests that a higher risk of PD is associated with pesticides and that a higher risk of AD is associated with pesticides, hypertension and high cholesterol levels in middle age, hyperhomocysteinaemia, smoking, traumatic brain injury and depression. There is weak evidence suggesting that higher risk of PD is associated with high milk consumption in men, high iron intake, chronic anaemia and traumatic brain injury. Weak evidence also suggests that a higher risk of AD is associated with high aluminium intake through drinking water, excessive exposure to electromagnetic fields from electrical grids, DM and hyperinsulinaemia, obesity in middle age, excessive alcohol consumption and chronic anaemia. Evidence consistently suggests that a lower risk of PD is associated with hyperuricaemia, tobacco and coffee use, while a lower risk of AD is associated with moderate alcohol consumption, physical exercise, perimenopausal hormone replacement therapy and good cognitive reserve. Weak evidence suggests that lower risk of PD is associated with increased vitamin E intake, alcohol, tea, NSAIDs, and vigorous physical exercise, and that lower risk of AD is associated with the Mediterranean diet, coffee and habitual NSAID consumption. Conclusions: Several environmental factors contribute significantly to risk of PD and AD. Some may already be active in the early stages of life, and some may interact with other genetic factors. Population-based strategies to modify such factors could potentially result in fewer cases of PD or AD. Resumen: Introducción: Esta revisión pretende actualizar y resumir la evidencia disponible sobre los factores de riesgo ambientales que se han asociado a riesgo de enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) o de Alzheimer (EA) y discutir sus posibles mecanismos. Desarrollo: Hay evidencia consistente de mayor riesgo de EP asociado a pesticidas y de mayor riesgo de EA asociado a pesticidas, hipertensión y colesterol en edad media, hiperhomocistei-nemia, tabaco, traumatismo craneoencefálico grave y depresión. Hay evidencia débil de mayor riesgo de EP asociado a consumo elevado de leche en hombres, ingesta alta de hierro, ane-mia crónica y traumatismo craneoencefálico grave, y de mayor riesgo de EA asociado a ingesta elevada de aluminio en agua potable, alta exposición a redes eléctricas, DM e hiperinsuline-mia, obesidad en edad media, consumo excesivo de alcohol y anaemia crónica. Hay evidencia consistente de menor riesgo de EP asociado a hiperuricemia, tabaco y café, y de menor riesgo de EA asociado a consumo moderado de alcohol, ejercicio físico, terapia hormonal sustitutiva perimenopáusica y buena reserva cognitiva; hay evidencia débil de menor riesgo de EP asociado a mayor consumo de vitamina E, alcohol, té y AINE y a ejercicio físico vigoroso, y de menor riesgo de EA asociado a dieta mediterránea, café y consumo crónico de AINE. Conclusiones: Diversos factores ambientales contribuyen significativamente al riesgo de EP y EA. Algunos de ellos podrían actuar ya desde etapas tempranas de la vida o interaccionar con otros factores genéticos. Estrategias poblacionales de modificación de estos factores podrían potencialmente evitar algunos casos de EP o de EA. Keywords: Environmental risk factors, Protective factors, Environmental toxins, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer disease, Interaction, Palabras clave: Factores de riesgo ambientales, Factores protectores, Tóxicos ambientales, Enfermedad de Parkinson, Enfermedad de Alzheimer, Interacciónhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173580814001394