| Summary: | Abstract Background Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the commonest type of peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes. The study aimed at evaluation of diagnostic value of median nerve stiffness measured by shear wave ultrasound elastography for diagnosis and differentiation of CTS severity, correlated to electrophysiological studies. This case–control study involved 40 patients (56 wrists) with CTS of different severity and 40 controls (40 wrists). All participants underwent electrophysiological study to assess the CTS severity, high-resolution conventional B-mode ultrasound to assess cross-sectional area “CSA” of median nerve at carpal tunnel, ratio of median nerve CSA at carpal tunnel and forearm, and shear wave ultrasound elastography with measurement of median nerve mean stiffness and correlation to electrophysiological results as the reference standard. Results Mean median nerve stiffness by shear wave US elastography was increased in patients with CTS compared to controls and across the different CTS severity groups (P value < 0.001 & 0.001, respectively). The cutoff value by ROC curve analysis for median nerve stiffness to differentiate between patients with CTS and control group was 65.4 kPa (P value < 0.001, 94.6% sensitivity, 97.3% specificity). Higher diagnostic accuracy was noted with the combination of shear wave elastography and conventional B-mode US with improved AUC (B-mode + shear wave; 0.962, P value < 0.001). Conclusions Shear wave ultrasound elastography of median nerve was able to discriminate different severity subgroups of CTS with high sensitivity, while conventional US couldn’t. The diagnostic accuracy of CTS was improved when combined high-resolution conventional B-mode US and complementary shear wave ultrasound elastography.
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