Inappropriate treatments for patients with cognitive decline

Introduction: Some treatments are inappropriate for patients with cognitive decline. We analyse their use in 500 patients and present a literature review. Development: Benzodiazepines produce dependence, and reduce attention, memory, and motor ability. They can cause disinhibition or aggressive beha...

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Main Authors: A. Robles Bayón, F. Gude Sampedro
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier España 2014-11-01
Series:Neurología (English Edition)
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173580814001333
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author A. Robles Bayón
F. Gude Sampedro
spellingShingle A. Robles Bayón
F. Gude Sampedro
Inappropriate treatments for patients with cognitive decline
Neurología (English Edition)
author_facet A. Robles Bayón
F. Gude Sampedro
author_sort A. Robles Bayón
title Inappropriate treatments for patients with cognitive decline
title_short Inappropriate treatments for patients with cognitive decline
title_full Inappropriate treatments for patients with cognitive decline
title_fullStr Inappropriate treatments for patients with cognitive decline
title_full_unstemmed Inappropriate treatments for patients with cognitive decline
title_sort inappropriate treatments for patients with cognitive decline
publisher Elsevier España
series Neurología (English Edition)
issn 2173-5808
publishDate 2014-11-01
description Introduction: Some treatments are inappropriate for patients with cognitive decline. We analyse their use in 500 patients and present a literature review. Development: Benzodiazepines produce dependence, and reduce attention, memory, and motor ability. They can cause disinhibition or aggressive behaviour, facilitate the appearance of delirium, and increase accident and mortality rates in people older than 60. In subjects over 65, low systolic blood pressure is associated with cognitive decline. Maintaining this figure between 130 and 140 mmHg (145 in patients older than 80) is recommended. Hypocholesterolaemia < 160 mg/dL is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, aggressiveness, and suicide; high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL is associated with memory loss and increased vascular and mortality risks. Old age is a predisposing factor for developing cognitive disorders or delirium when taking opioids. The risks of prescribing anticholinesterases and memantine to patients with non-Alzheimer dementia that is not associated with Parkinson disease, mild cognitive impairment, or psychiatric disorders probably outweigh the benefits. Anticholinergic drugs acting preferentially on the peripheral system can also induce cognitive side effects. Practitioners should be aware of steroid-induced dementia and steroid-induced psychosis, and know that risk of delirium increases with polypharmacy. Of 500 patients with cognitive impairment, 70.4% were on multiple medications and 42% were taking benzodiazepines. Both conditions were present in 74.3% of all suspected iatrogenic cases. Conclusions: Polypharmacy should be avoided, if it is not essential, especially in elderly patients and those with cognitive impairment. Benzodiazepines, opioids and anticholinergics often elicit cognitive and behavioural disorders. Moreover, systolic blood pressure must be kept above 130 mmHg, total cholesterol levels over 160 mg/dL, and HDL-cholesterol over 40 mg/dL in this population. Resumen: Introducción: Algunos fármacos resultan inconvenientes en pacientes con deterioro cognitivo. Se analiza su uso en 500 pacientes y se revisa la bibliografía. Desarrollo: Las benzodiacepinas producen dependencia y reducen la atención, memoria y agilidad motora. Pueden inducir desinhibición o agresividad, facilitan los episodios confusionales e incrementan los accidentes y la mortalidad en mayores de 60 años. En mayores de 65, la presión sistólica baja se asocia a deterioro cognitivo. Es recomendable mantenerla en 130-140 mmHg (145 en ≥ 80 años). La colesterolemia < 160 mg/dl se asocia a mayor morbimortalidad, agresividad y suicidio, y el colesterol unido a las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (c-HDL) < 40 mg/dl empeora la memoria y aumenta el riesgo vascular y la mortalidad. La edad avanzada predispone para que los opioides produzcan alteración cognitiva y confusión. En demencias no Alzheimer y no asociadas a Parkinson, deterioro cognitivo ligero y enfermedades psiquiátricas, los efectos adversos de anticolinesterásicos y memantina probablemente superan al beneficio. La alteración cognitiva por anticolinérgicos de acción preferentemente periférica también es posible. Hay que conocer la demencia o psicosis por corticoides, y saber que la polifarmacia facilita el síndrome confusional. El 70,4% de 500 pacientes con disfunción cognitiva analizados recibía polifarmacia y el 42%, benzodiacepinas. Los que compartían ambas situaciones representaron el 74,3% de los casos en los que se sospechó iatrogenia. Conclusiones: En personas con edad avanzada o deterioro cognitivo, es necesario evitar la polifarmacia innecesaria y tener presente que las benzodiacepinas, los opioides y los anticolinérgicos producen frecuentemente alteraciones cognitivas y conductuales. Además, deben evitarse la presión sistólica < 130 mmHg, el colesterol < 160 mg/dl y el colesterol HDL < 40 mg/dl. Keywords: Anticholinergics, Anticholinesterases, Benzodiazepines, Memantine, Opioids, Polypharmacy, Palabras clave: Anticolinérgicos, Anticolinesterasas, Benzodiacepinas, Memantina, Opioides, Polifarmacia
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173580814001333
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spelling doaj-16fca749daec411ea29f2fc7028db2f82020-11-25T02:15:00ZengElsevier EspañaNeurología (English Edition)2173-58082014-11-01299523532Inappropriate treatments for patients with cognitive declineA. Robles Bayón0F. Gude Sampedro1Unidad de Neurología Cognitiva, Hospital La Rosaleda, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Corresponding author.Unidad de Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, SpainIntroduction: Some treatments are inappropriate for patients with cognitive decline. We analyse their use in 500 patients and present a literature review. Development: Benzodiazepines produce dependence, and reduce attention, memory, and motor ability. They can cause disinhibition or aggressive behaviour, facilitate the appearance of delirium, and increase accident and mortality rates in people older than 60. In subjects over 65, low systolic blood pressure is associated with cognitive decline. Maintaining this figure between 130 and 140 mmHg (145 in patients older than 80) is recommended. Hypocholesterolaemia < 160 mg/dL is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, aggressiveness, and suicide; high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL is associated with memory loss and increased vascular and mortality risks. Old age is a predisposing factor for developing cognitive disorders or delirium when taking opioids. The risks of prescribing anticholinesterases and memantine to patients with non-Alzheimer dementia that is not associated with Parkinson disease, mild cognitive impairment, or psychiatric disorders probably outweigh the benefits. Anticholinergic drugs acting preferentially on the peripheral system can also induce cognitive side effects. Practitioners should be aware of steroid-induced dementia and steroid-induced psychosis, and know that risk of delirium increases with polypharmacy. Of 500 patients with cognitive impairment, 70.4% were on multiple medications and 42% were taking benzodiazepines. Both conditions were present in 74.3% of all suspected iatrogenic cases. Conclusions: Polypharmacy should be avoided, if it is not essential, especially in elderly patients and those with cognitive impairment. Benzodiazepines, opioids and anticholinergics often elicit cognitive and behavioural disorders. Moreover, systolic blood pressure must be kept above 130 mmHg, total cholesterol levels over 160 mg/dL, and HDL-cholesterol over 40 mg/dL in this population. Resumen: Introducción: Algunos fármacos resultan inconvenientes en pacientes con deterioro cognitivo. Se analiza su uso en 500 pacientes y se revisa la bibliografía. Desarrollo: Las benzodiacepinas producen dependencia y reducen la atención, memoria y agilidad motora. Pueden inducir desinhibición o agresividad, facilitan los episodios confusionales e incrementan los accidentes y la mortalidad en mayores de 60 años. En mayores de 65, la presión sistólica baja se asocia a deterioro cognitivo. Es recomendable mantenerla en 130-140 mmHg (145 en ≥ 80 años). La colesterolemia < 160 mg/dl se asocia a mayor morbimortalidad, agresividad y suicidio, y el colesterol unido a las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (c-HDL) < 40 mg/dl empeora la memoria y aumenta el riesgo vascular y la mortalidad. La edad avanzada predispone para que los opioides produzcan alteración cognitiva y confusión. En demencias no Alzheimer y no asociadas a Parkinson, deterioro cognitivo ligero y enfermedades psiquiátricas, los efectos adversos de anticolinesterásicos y memantina probablemente superan al beneficio. La alteración cognitiva por anticolinérgicos de acción preferentemente periférica también es posible. Hay que conocer la demencia o psicosis por corticoides, y saber que la polifarmacia facilita el síndrome confusional. El 70,4% de 500 pacientes con disfunción cognitiva analizados recibía polifarmacia y el 42%, benzodiacepinas. Los que compartían ambas situaciones representaron el 74,3% de los casos en los que se sospechó iatrogenia. Conclusiones: En personas con edad avanzada o deterioro cognitivo, es necesario evitar la polifarmacia innecesaria y tener presente que las benzodiacepinas, los opioides y los anticolinérgicos producen frecuentemente alteraciones cognitivas y conductuales. Además, deben evitarse la presión sistólica < 130 mmHg, el colesterol < 160 mg/dl y el colesterol HDL < 40 mg/dl. Keywords: Anticholinergics, Anticholinesterases, Benzodiazepines, Memantine, Opioids, Polypharmacy, Palabras clave: Anticolinérgicos, Anticolinesterasas, Benzodiacepinas, Memantina, Opioides, Polifarmaciahttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173580814001333