High Density Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for the Extraction of Pesticide Residues in Onion with Multivariate Response Surface Methodology

The excessive use of pesticides is a serious health problem due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation through the food chain. Due to the complexity of foods, the analysis of pesticides is challenging often giving large matrix effects and co-extracted compounds. To overcome this problem, a selective...

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Main Authors:	Teshome Tolcha, Tura Gemechu, Said Al-Hamimi, Negussie Megersa, Charlotta Turner
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2020-02-01
Series:	Molecules
Subjects:	density onion organochlorine pesticide residues <i>s</i>-triazine supercritical fluid extraction ultrahigh pressure
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/4/1012

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spelling	doaj-137a4fb3954e4c99a581c3c25944eb102020-11-25T02:15:07ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-02-01254101210.3390/molecules25041012molecules25041012High Density Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for the Extraction of Pesticide Residues in Onion with Multivariate Response Surface MethodologyTeshome Tolcha0Tura Gemechu1Said Al-Hamimi2Negussie Megersa3Charlotta Turner4Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa, EthiopiaDepartment of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa, EthiopiaDepartment of Chemistry, Lund University, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P. O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, SwedenDepartment of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa, EthiopiaDepartment of Chemistry, Lund University, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P. O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, SwedenThe excessive use of pesticides is a serious health problem due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation through the food chain. Due to the complexity of foods, the analysis of pesticides is challenging often giving large matrix effects and co-extracted compounds. To overcome this problem, a selective and “green” supercritical fluid extraction method was developed, using neat carbon dioxide as a solvent at pressures of up to 800 bars. A Box−Behnken response surface experimental design was used, with the independent variables of density (0.70−1.0 g mL<sup>−1</sup>), temperature (40−70 °C), and volume (10−40 mL) of solvent, and the dependent variable of extracted amount of pesticides. The optimum extraction condition was found at the use of 29 mL of supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> at 0.90 g mL<sup>−1</sup> and 53 °C (corresponding to 372 bars of pressure). It was observed that increasing the density of CO<sub>2</sub> significantly increased the extraction recovery of endrin and 2,4<i>′</i>-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. Matrix-matched calibration curves showed satisfactory linearity (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.994), and LODs ranged from 0.2 to 2.0 ng g<sup>−1</sup>. Precision was lower than 11% and recoveries between 80%−103%. Thus, the developed method could efficiently be used for trace analysis of pesticides in complex food matrices without the use of organic solvents.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/4/1012densityonionorganochlorinepesticide residues<i>s</i>-triazinesupercritical fluid extractionultrahigh pressure
collection	DOAJ
language	English
format	Article
sources	DOAJ
author	Teshome Tolcha Tura Gemechu Said Al-Hamimi Negussie Megersa Charlotta Turner
spellingShingle	Teshome Tolcha Tura Gemechu Said Al-Hamimi Negussie Megersa Charlotta Turner High Density Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for the Extraction of Pesticide Residues in Onion with Multivariate Response Surface Methodology Molecules density onion organochlorine pesticide residues <i>s</i>-triazine supercritical fluid extraction ultrahigh pressure
author_facet	Teshome Tolcha Tura Gemechu Said Al-Hamimi Negussie Megersa Charlotta Turner
author_sort	Teshome Tolcha
title	High Density Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for the Extraction of Pesticide Residues in Onion with Multivariate Response Surface Methodology
title_short	High Density Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for the Extraction of Pesticide Residues in Onion with Multivariate Response Surface Methodology
title_full	High Density Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for the Extraction of Pesticide Residues in Onion with Multivariate Response Surface Methodology
title_fullStr	High Density Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for the Extraction of Pesticide Residues in Onion with Multivariate Response Surface Methodology
title_full_unstemmed	High Density Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for the Extraction of Pesticide Residues in Onion with Multivariate Response Surface Methodology
title_sort	high density supercritical carbon dioxide for the extraction of pesticide residues in onion with multivariate response surface methodology
publisher	MDPI AG
series	Molecules
issn	1420-3049
publishDate	2020-02-01
description	The excessive use of pesticides is a serious health problem due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation through the food chain. Due to the complexity of foods, the analysis of pesticides is challenging often giving large matrix effects and co-extracted compounds. To overcome this problem, a selective and “green” supercritical fluid extraction method was developed, using neat carbon dioxide as a solvent at pressures of up to 800 bars. A Box−Behnken response surface experimental design was used, with the independent variables of density (0.70−1.0 g mL<sup>−1</sup>), temperature (40−70 °C), and volume (10−40 mL) of solvent, and the dependent variable of extracted amount of pesticides. The optimum extraction condition was found at the use of 29 mL of supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> at 0.90 g mL<sup>−1</sup> and 53 °C (corresponding to 372 bars of pressure). It was observed that increasing the density of CO<sub>2</sub> significantly increased the extraction recovery of endrin and 2,4<i>′</i>-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. Matrix-matched calibration curves showed satisfactory linearity (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.994), and LODs ranged from 0.2 to 2.0 ng g<sup>−1</sup>. Precision was lower than 11% and recoveries between 80%−103%. Thus, the developed method could efficiently be used for trace analysis of pesticides in complex food matrices without the use of organic solvents.
topic	density onion organochlorine pesticide residues <i>s</i>-triazine supercritical fluid extraction ultrahigh pressure
url	https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/4/1012
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High Density Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for the Extraction of Pesticide Residues in Onion with Multivariate Response Surface Methodology

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