Hip Adductor Intramuscular Nerve Distribution Pattern of Children: A Guide for BTX-A Treatment to Muscle Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy

• Main Authors: Yan Yan, Xiaoyun Fu, Xiadan Xie, Songling Ji, Huaixiang Luo, Fangjiu Yang, Xiaoming Zhang, Shengbo Yang, Peng Xie
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2019-06-01
• Series: Frontiers in Neurology
• Subjects: hip adductor; intramuscular nerve; cerebral palsy; spasticity; botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A)
• Online Access: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2019.00616/full

To investigate the intramuscular nerve distribution pattern in the hip adductors of children and to precisely locate the injection site for botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) as a treatment for hip adductor spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Modified Sihler's whole mount nerve staining technique was employed to observe the distribution of intramuscular nerves in hip adductors of children and to further locate zones where terminal nerves are concentrated. The terminal nerves of the adductor longus appeared in a longitudinal distribution band parallel to the line between the upper 1/3 point of the lateral boundary and the center of the medial boundary. In adductor brevis, the terminal nerves showed a sheet-like distribution with a nerve dense area located in the middle of the muscle belly that extends from the upper-inner region to the lower-outer region. Gracilis showed a dense area of terminal nerves in the middle of the muscle belly, closer to the posterior boundary. In adductor magnus, the dense area of terminal nerves showed a sheet-like distribution in the middle and lower region of the muscle belly. The dense area of terminal nerves in the pectineus was located in the middle of the muscle belly. This study is the first to systematically investigate the intramuscular nerve distribution pattern in the hip adductors. The results indicated that the best targets for BTX-A injection, when treating spasticity, are the dense regions of terminal nerves described above.