Chitin and chitosan remodeling defines vegetative development and Trichoderma biocontrol.

Fungal parasitism depends on the ability to invade host organisms and mandates adaptive cell wall remodeling to avoid detection and defense reactions by the host. All plant and human pathogens share invasive strategies, which aid to escape the chitin-triggered and chitin-targeted host immune system....

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Main Authors: Lisa Kappel, Martin Münsterkötter, György Sipos, Carolina Escobar Rodriguez, Sabine Gruber
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2020-02-01
Series:PLoS Pathogens
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008320
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spelling doaj-12e87c89e67445118a2ea59a16a9f8c02021-04-21T17:13:19ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS Pathogens1553-73661553-73742020-02-01162e100832010.1371/journal.ppat.1008320Chitin and chitosan remodeling defines vegetative development and Trichoderma biocontrol.Lisa KappelMartin MünsterkötterGyörgy SiposCarolina Escobar RodriguezSabine GruberFungal parasitism depends on the ability to invade host organisms and mandates adaptive cell wall remodeling to avoid detection and defense reactions by the host. All plant and human pathogens share invasive strategies, which aid to escape the chitin-triggered and chitin-targeted host immune system. Here we describe the full spectrum of the chitin/chitosan-modifying enzymes in the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride with a central role in cell wall remodeling. Rapid adaption to a variety of growth conditions, environmental stresses and host defense mechanisms such as oxidative stress depend on the concerted interplay of these enzymes and, ultimately, are necessary for the success of the mycoparasitic attack. To our knowledge, we provide the first in class description of chitin and associated glycopolymer synthesis in a mycoparasite and demonstrate that they are essential for biocontrol. Eight chitin synthases, six chitin deacetylases, additional chitinolytic enzymes, including six chitosanases, transglycosylases as well as accessory proteins are involved in this intricately regulated process. Systematic and biochemical classification, phenotypic characterization and mycoparasitic confrontation assays emphasize the importance of chitin and chitosan assembly in vegetative development and biocontrol in T. atroviride. Our findings critically contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of chitin synthesis in filamentous fungi and mycoparasites with the overarching goal to selectively exploit the discovered biocontrol strategies.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008320
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Lisa Kappel
Martin Münsterkötter
György Sipos
Carolina Escobar Rodriguez
Sabine Gruber
spellingShingle Lisa Kappel
Martin Münsterkötter
György Sipos
Carolina Escobar Rodriguez
Sabine Gruber
Chitin and chitosan remodeling defines vegetative development and Trichoderma biocontrol.
PLoS Pathogens
author_facet Lisa Kappel
Martin Münsterkötter
György Sipos
Carolina Escobar Rodriguez
Sabine Gruber
author_sort Lisa Kappel
title Chitin and chitosan remodeling defines vegetative development and Trichoderma biocontrol.
title_short Chitin and chitosan remodeling defines vegetative development and Trichoderma biocontrol.
title_full Chitin and chitosan remodeling defines vegetative development and Trichoderma biocontrol.
title_fullStr Chitin and chitosan remodeling defines vegetative development and Trichoderma biocontrol.
title_full_unstemmed Chitin and chitosan remodeling defines vegetative development and Trichoderma biocontrol.
title_sort chitin and chitosan remodeling defines vegetative development and trichoderma biocontrol.
publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
series PLoS Pathogens
issn 1553-7366
1553-7374
publishDate 2020-02-01
description Fungal parasitism depends on the ability to invade host organisms and mandates adaptive cell wall remodeling to avoid detection and defense reactions by the host. All plant and human pathogens share invasive strategies, which aid to escape the chitin-triggered and chitin-targeted host immune system. Here we describe the full spectrum of the chitin/chitosan-modifying enzymes in the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride with a central role in cell wall remodeling. Rapid adaption to a variety of growth conditions, environmental stresses and host defense mechanisms such as oxidative stress depend on the concerted interplay of these enzymes and, ultimately, are necessary for the success of the mycoparasitic attack. To our knowledge, we provide the first in class description of chitin and associated glycopolymer synthesis in a mycoparasite and demonstrate that they are essential for biocontrol. Eight chitin synthases, six chitin deacetylases, additional chitinolytic enzymes, including six chitosanases, transglycosylases as well as accessory proteins are involved in this intricately regulated process. Systematic and biochemical classification, phenotypic characterization and mycoparasitic confrontation assays emphasize the importance of chitin and chitosan assembly in vegetative development and biocontrol in T. atroviride. Our findings critically contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of chitin synthesis in filamentous fungi and mycoparasites with the overarching goal to selectively exploit the discovered biocontrol strategies.
url https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008320
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