| Summary: | In this case report we compare two patients presenting with similar symptoms of a brainstem syndrome including ataxia, dysarthria, and diplopia. Their MRIs showed hyperintense FLAIR signal changes with patchy areas of contrast enhancement within the brainstem particularly the pons and cerebellum. The broad differential diagnosis of this brainstem pathology included rhomboencephalitis, neurosarcoidosis, lymphoma, vasculitis, infection, and paraneoplastic or autoimmune process. Patient 1 had an extensive work up including CSF cytology, MRI brain spectroscopy, full body CT, cerebral angiogram, and ultimately brainstem biopsy. None of these studies were diagnostic of a specific etiology and total cost was $176,069. After months of declining medical condition without a clear diagnosis, chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) was considered and the patient began steroid therapy resulting in clinical and radiographic improvement. Patient 2 had serum and CSF studies that were negative for infectious, paraneoplastic, and other inflammatory processes. The team diagnosed CLIPPERS and initiated steroid therapy within days resulting in dramatic clinical and radiographic resolution. The workup cost $12,905. Comparison of these cases shows how early awareness of CLIPPERS and a directed diagnostic work up can limit invasive diagnostic testing, expedite initiation of effective therapy, improve patient outcomes, and reduce cost Keywords: Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS), Cost effectiveness, Diagnostic test assessment, Outcome research, Practice current
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