Assessment of Microbiological Safety of Water in Public Swimming Pools in Guangzhou, China

• Main Authors: Xiaohong Wei, Juntao Li, Shuiping Hou, Conghui Xu, Hao Zhang, Edward Robert Atwill, Xunde Li, Zhicong Yang, Shouyi Chen
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2018-07-01
• Series: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
• Subjects: swimming pool; water; Giardia; Cryptosporidium; P. aeruginosa; antibiotic resistance; multi-locus sequence typing
• Online Access: http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/7/1416

This study assessed microbiological safety of water from public swimming pools in Guangzhou, China. Water samples from 39 outdoor municipal swimming pools were collected from late June to early September, 2013 and subjected to detection of protozoa (Giardia and Cryptosporidium) and bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginos, total coliforms, E. coli, E. coli O157, Shigella, and Salmonella). Cryptosporidium and Giardia were both detected in 5 (12.8%) swimming pools. Total coliforms were detected in 4 (10.3%) samples with concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 154.0 MPN/100 mL while E. coli was detected in 4 (10.3%) samples with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5.3 MPN/100 mL. P. aeruginosa was detected in 27 (69.2%) samples but E. coli O157, Shigella and Salmonella were not detected. Among these swimming pools, 9 (23%) met the Chinese National Standard of residual chlorine levels and 24 (62%) were tested free of residual chlorine at least once. The multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis showed that all P. aeruginosa isolates belonged to new sequence types (STs) with dominant ST-1764 and ST-D distributed in different locations within the area. Some P. aeruginosa strains were resistant to medically important antibiotics. Results indicate potential public health risks due to the presence of microbiological pathogens in public swimming pools in this area.