Minor Review: An Overview of a Synthetic Nanophase Bone Substitute

• Main Authors: Steven J. Eppell, Weidong Tong, James McMasters, Yohannes Soenjaya, Anca M. Barbu, Alvin Ko, Jonathan Z. Baskin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2018-08-01
• Series: Materials
• Subjects: biomaterial; bone substitute; collagen; mineral; resorbable; load bearing
• Online Access: http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/11/9/1556
• ISSN: 1996-1944

Material is reviewed that consists of reconstituted collagen fibril gel mineralized in a manner that produces biomimetically sized nanoapatites intimately associated with the fibrils. This gel is formed into usable shapes with a modulus and strength that allow it to be surgically press fitted into bony defects. The design paradigm for the material is that the nanoapatites will dissolve into soluble Ca2+ as the collagen is degraded into RGD-containing peptide fragments due to osteoclastic action. This is intended to signal to the osteoclasts to continue removing the material in a biomimetic fashion similar to bony remodeling. Preliminary experiments in a subcutaneous rat model show that the material is biocompatible with respect to inflammatory and immunogenic responses, and that it supports cellular invasion. Preliminary experiments in a critical-sized mandibular defect in rats show that the material is resorbable and functions well as a bone morphogenetic 2 (BMP-2) carrier. We have produced a range of mechanical and biological responses by varying mechanical and chemical processing of the material.