Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System

Salivarian trypanosomes are extracellular parasites affecting humans, livestock and game animals. <i>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense</i> and <i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense</i> are human infective sub-species of <i>T. brucei</i> causing human African trypanosomiasi...

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Main Authors: Stefan Magez, Joar Esteban Pinto Torres, Seoyeon Oh, Magdalena Radwanska
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-05-01
Series:Pathogens
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/6/679
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spelling doaj-069d956f967342e7bc821091df506b2c2021-06-01T01:43:05ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172021-05-011067967910.3390/pathogens10060679Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune SystemStefan Magez0Joar Esteban Pinto Torres1Seoyeon Oh2Magdalena Radwanska3Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Envirinmental Technology and Food Technology, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro 119-5, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, KoreaLaboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, BelgiumDepartment of Molecular Biotechnology, Envirinmental Technology and Food Technology, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro 119-5, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, KoreaDepartment of Molecular Biotechnology, Envirinmental Technology and Food Technology, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro 119-5, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, KoreaSalivarian trypanosomes are extracellular parasites affecting humans, livestock and game animals. <i>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense</i> and <i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense</i> are human infective sub-species of <i>T. brucei</i> causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT—sleeping sickness). The related <i>T. b. brucei</i> parasite lacks the resistance to survive in human serum, and only inflicts animal infections. Animal trypanosomiasis (AT) is not restricted to Africa, but is present on all continents. <i>T. congolense</i> and <i>T. vivax</i> are the most widespread pathogenic trypanosomes in sub-Saharan Africa. Through mechanical transmission, <i>T. vivax</i> has also been introduced into South America. <i>T. evansi</i> is a unique animal trypanosome that is found in vast territories around the world and can cause atypical human trypanosomiasis (aHT). All salivarian trypanosomes are well adapted to survival inside the host’s immune system. This is not a hostile environment for these parasites, but the place where they thrive. Here we provide an overview of the latest insights into the host-parasite interaction and the unique survival strategies that allow trypanosomes to outsmart the immune system. In addition, we review new developments in treatment and diagnosis as well as the issues that have hampered the development of field-applicable anti-trypanosome vaccines for the implementation of sustainable disease control.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/6/679trypanosomiasisadaptive immunityparasitemia controlinfection
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Stefan Magez
Joar Esteban Pinto Torres
Seoyeon Oh
Magdalena Radwanska
spellingShingle Stefan Magez
Joar Esteban Pinto Torres
Seoyeon Oh
Magdalena Radwanska
Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System
Pathogens
trypanosomiasis
adaptive immunity
parasitemia control
infection
author_facet Stefan Magez
Joar Esteban Pinto Torres
Seoyeon Oh
Magdalena Radwanska
author_sort Stefan Magez
title Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System
title_short Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System
title_full Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System
title_fullStr Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System
title_full_unstemmed Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System
title_sort salivarian trypanosomes have adopted intricate host-pathogen interaction mechanisms that ensure survival in plain sight of the adaptive immune system
publisher MDPI AG
series Pathogens
issn 2076-0817
publishDate 2021-05-01
description Salivarian trypanosomes are extracellular parasites affecting humans, livestock and game animals. <i>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense</i> and <i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense</i> are human infective sub-species of <i>T. brucei</i> causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT—sleeping sickness). The related <i>T. b. brucei</i> parasite lacks the resistance to survive in human serum, and only inflicts animal infections. Animal trypanosomiasis (AT) is not restricted to Africa, but is present on all continents. <i>T. congolense</i> and <i>T. vivax</i> are the most widespread pathogenic trypanosomes in sub-Saharan Africa. Through mechanical transmission, <i>T. vivax</i> has also been introduced into South America. <i>T. evansi</i> is a unique animal trypanosome that is found in vast territories around the world and can cause atypical human trypanosomiasis (aHT). All salivarian trypanosomes are well adapted to survival inside the host’s immune system. This is not a hostile environment for these parasites, but the place where they thrive. Here we provide an overview of the latest insights into the host-parasite interaction and the unique survival strategies that allow trypanosomes to outsmart the immune system. In addition, we review new developments in treatment and diagnosis as well as the issues that have hampered the development of field-applicable anti-trypanosome vaccines for the implementation of sustainable disease control.
topic trypanosomiasis
adaptive immunity
parasitemia control
infection
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/6/679
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