| Summary: | The article deals with the process of transformation of scientific forms of classical knowledge. In accordance with the positivist approach, the emergence of classical science fits into the tendency of transition of mankind from myth to logos by purifying pre-scientific knowledge from prejudices, inaccuracies and “unspelling the world.” The traditionalist view of Guenon R., Evola G., Dugin A.G. explains scientific knowledge through the emergence of experimental and mathematical natural science, the main feature of which is the laws of logical sequence. The main epistemological forms determine the criteria and the main line of modern scientific development, but, at the same time, they can be one of the most important causes of the crisis of modern civilization. In addition to the first two, there is a third epistemological approach that, in particular, is developed by N.N. Strakhov and Steiner R. and it includes signs of both approaches. On the one hand, it involves a revolutionary alteration of the image of nature - from a holistic living organism to a mechanism necessary for further development. Here, one can see solidarity with positivists, but it is not the highest stage in the development of cognition of nature; this shows the main disagreement with the positivist point of view. Acquaintance with an alternative approach makes it possible to understand the process of dividing modern natural science into official and alternative science, to develop a strategy for solving global anthropological problems.
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